Hekla                       1 

1.) Courtesy of Brian White

2.) Courtesy of Brian White

3.) Courtesy of Brian White

4.) Hekla Eruption in 1991. Volcano World. Department of Geosciences At Oregon State University. 25 Apr. 2008 <http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/europe_west_asia/hekla_erupt.html>.

5.) Courtesy of Brian White

6.)Courtesy of Brian White

7.) Volcano World. Department of Geosciences At Oregon State University. 25 Apr. 2008 <http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcanoes/region17/ice_s/hekla/2502hek1.png>.

8.) Courtesy of Brian White/ Karen Harpp

9.) Courtesy of Brian White/Karen Harpp

10.) Hekla Eruption, 2000, Iceland. CSAV-Center for the Study of Active Volcanoes. University of Hawai'I At Hilo. 25 Apr. 2008 <http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/~csav/gallery/decker/iceland_hekla_eruption_2000.php>.

11.) Courtesy of Brian White/ Karen Harpp

12.) Thorarinsson, 1970

13.) Gronvold et al., 1983

14.)Courtesy of Brian White/ Karen Harpp

15.) Ski Mountaineering and Climbing Site. 25 Apr. 2008 <http://www.skimountaineer.com/ROF/Beyond/Europe/IcelandMapLarge.gif>.

16.) Ulrich-Schmincke, Hans. Volcanism. Berlin: Springer, 1965. Google Books. 24 Apr. 2008 <http://books.google.com/books?id=XHlJrFAhth4C&printsec=copyright&dq=hekla+gates+of+hell&output

17.)Höskuldsson, Ármann, Níels Óskarsson, Rikke Pedersen, Karl Grönvold, Kristin Vogfjörð, and Rósa Ólafsdóttir. "The Millennium Eruption of Hekla in February 2000." Bulletin of Volcanology 70 (2007): 169-182.

18.)"Hekla." Global Volcanism Project. Smithsonian Institute. 24 Apr. 2008 <http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1702-07=>.

19.) "Mid-Atlantic Ridge." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 Apr. 2008  <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9052526>.

20.)Understanding Plate Motions. USGS. 24 Apr. 2008 <http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html#anchor6715825>.

21.)Mid-Ocean Ridge, Like Baseball Seam. USGS. 24 Apr. 2008 <http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/baseball.html>.

22.)Topographic Map of Mid-Ocean Ridge. USGS. 24 Apr. 2008 <http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/topomap.html>.

23.) Larsen and Thorarinsson

24.)Google Earth. Google.Com. 24 Apr. 2008 <www.earth.google.com>.

25.)Google Earth. Google.Com. 24 Apr. 2008 <www.earth.google.com>.

26.) "Hekla Eruptive History." Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institute. 24 Apr. 2008 <http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1702-07=&volpage=erupt>.

27.) Gudmundsson, Agust, and Sonja L. Brenner. "Loading of a Seismic Zone to Failure Deforms Nearby Volcanoes: a New Earthquake Precursor." Terra Nova 15 (2003): 187-193. 24 Apr. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=9980097&site=ehost-live>.

28.) Soosalu, Heidi, Páll Einarsson, and Steinunn Jakobsdóttir. "Volcanic Tremor Related to the 1991 Eruption of the Hekla Volcano, Iceland." Bulletin of Volcanology 65 (2003): 562-577.

29.) Rittman, A. Volcanoes and Their Activity. Trans. E A. Vincent. New York: Interscience, 1962. 149.

30.) "Tremor." Map. Physics Department. Icelandic Meteorological Office. 25 Apr. 2008 <http://hraun.vedur.is/ja/englishweb/tremor.html>.

31.) "Earthquakes." Map. Physics Department. Icelandic Meteorological Office. 25 Apr. 2008 <http://hraun.vedur.is/ja/englishweb/index.html>.

32.)"A Map of Stations Used in the ISGPS Network." Map. Physics Department. Icelandic Meteorological Office. 25 Apr. 2008 <http://hraun.vedur.is/ja/englishweb/gps/stationmap.html>.

33.)"Strain." Map. Physics Department. Icelandic Meteorological Office. 25 Apr. 2008 <http://hraun.vedur.is/ja/englishweb/strain.html>.

34.) "Traffic Statistics 2007." Keflavik International Airport. 25 Apr. 2008 <http://www.keflavikairport.com/>.

35.)"Grided Population of the World." Map. Socioeconomic Data and Application Center. SEDAC. 25 Apr. 2008 <http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/continent.jsp?region=Europe#>.

36.)"Map of Iceland." Map. Five Stars of Scandinavia. 25 Apr. 2008 <http://www.5stars-of-scandinavia.com/self_drive/iceland_map.htm>.

37.) Ewert, John. "National Volcano Early Warning System." USGS.

 

Useful Links

Smithsonian Global Volcanism Project: http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1702-07=

Physics Department at the Icelandic Meteorological Office: http://hraun.vedur.is/ja/englishweb/index.html

Special Thanks:

Karen Harpp

Brian White

Tommy Crocker

Deena Mueller, Alexandra Augsbury and Claudia Piacente

 

 

 

 

Questions about this site? Contact me @ mcrackel@mail.colgate.edu